Validación de la Pain Catastrophizing Scale for Children (PCS-C) al español / Validation of the Spanish version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale for Children (PCS-C)

Introducción: El catastrofismo relacionado con el dolor es un factor influyente en el pronóstico del tratamiento, así como en el bienestar emocional y físico. La escala pediátrica Pain Catastrophizing Scale for Children (PCS-C) es ampliamente utilizada, pero no está validada en español. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo traducir la PCS-C al español y evaluar su validez y su fiabilidad. Pacientes y métodos: Este estudio se llevó a cabo en dos fases: a)traducción del instrumento (mediante un proceso de traducción directa e inversa) y b)análisis psicométrico (validez de constructo: análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio, consistencia interna, efectos suelo y techo, y validez convergente) a través de un estudio transversal con una muestra, seleccionada por conveniencia de un hospital pediátrico y compuesta por niños de 8 a 18años. Este estudio siguió la lista de verificación STARD. Resultados: En el estudio se incluyeron 150 niños y adolescentes (edad media: 12,45años; 63,8% varones) y sus padres. El análisis exploratorio y posteriormente el análisis confirmatorio mostraron un buen ajuste del modelo a la estructura original de tres modelos con 13 ítems. La consistencia interna de la escala resultó excelente (α de Cronbach =0,904) y no se detectaron efectos techo ni suelo. En cuanto al análisis de validez convergente, la PCS-C en español mostró una correlación moderada con la interferencia del dolor (r=0,400) y con la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (r=0,217-0,303). Conclusiones: Estos resultados demuestran que la versión en español de la PCS-C es una escala válida y fiable para evaluar el catastrofismo relacionado con el dolor en niños y en adolescentes.(AU)

Introduction: Pain catastrophizing is a powerful factor that can affect health care outcomes as well as emotional and physical well-being. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale for Children (PCS-C) is widely used, but it is not validated in Spanish. The aim of the study was to translate the PCS-C to Spanish and assess the validity and reliability of the translated version. Patients and methods: This study was carried out in two phases: (a)instrument translation (via a translation-back-translation process) and (b)psychometric analysis (construct validity: exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency, floor and ceiling effects and convergent validity). It had a cross-sectional design and was conducted on a sample of children aged 8 to 18years was selected by convenience in a paediatric hospital. The study followed the STARD checklist. Results: The sample included 150 children and adolescents (mean age, 12.45years; 63.8% male) and their parents. The exploratory and the confirmatory analysis showed a good adjustment of the model to the original 3-model structure with 13items. The internal consistency of the scale was excellent (Cronbach α, 0.904), and no floor or ceiling effects were detected. In the convergent validity analysis, the Spanish version of the PCS-C showed a moderate correlation with pain interference (r=0.400) and with health-related quality of life (r=0.217-0.303). Conclusions: These results show that the Spanish version of the PCS-C is a valid and reliable scale to assess pain catastrophizing in children and adolescents.(AU)

Validation of the Spanish version of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale for Children (PCS-C).

INTRODUCTION: Pain catastrophizing is a powerful factor that can affect health care outcomes as well as emotional and physical well-being. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale for Children (PCS-C) is widely used, but it is not validated in Spanish. The aim of the study was to translate the PCS-C to Spanish and assess the validity and reliability of the translated version. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study was carried out in two phases: (a) instrument translation (via a translation-back-translation process) and (b) psychometric analysis (construct validity: exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency, floor and ceiling effects and convergent validity). It had a cross-sectional design and was conducted on a sample of children aged 8-18 years was selected by convenience in a paediatric hospital. The study followed the STARD checklist. RESULTS: The sample included 150 children and adolescents (mean age, 12.45 years; 63.8% male) and their parents. The exploratory and the confirmatory analysis showed a good adjustment of the model to the original 3-model structure with 13 items. The internal consistency of the scale was excellent (Cronbach α, 0.904), and no floor or ceiling effects were detected. In the convergent validity analysis, the Spanish version of the PCS-C showed a moderate correlation with pain interference (r=0.400) and with health-related quality of life (r=0.217-0.303). CONCLUSIONS: These results show that the Spanish version of the PCS-C is a valid and reliable scale to assess pain catastrophizing in children and adolescents.

Adaptación transcultural y propiedades psicométricas de la versión española de la Child Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale / Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of Spanish Child Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale

Introducción: La ansiedad relacionada con el dolor es un componente psicológico que es capaz de regular y modificar la experiencia de dolor en niños y adolescentes. Además, puede modificar el éxito del tratamiento en procedimientos quirúrgicos, dolor crónico e intervenciones psicológicas. El objetivo de este estudio fue traducir al español la Child Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (CPASS) y analizar sus propiedades psicométricas. Pacientes y métodos: En primer lugar, la CPASS se tradujo al español de acuerdo con las recomendaciones internacionales. En segundo lugar, para evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la CPASS, se analizó una muestra pediátrica. Un total de 160 niños (mujeres=49,37%; edad media=14,5±2,3 [8-18 años]) completaron cuestionarios de catastrofismo relacionado con el dolor, calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, interferencia del dolor e intensidad del dolor. Se evaluaron las siguientes propiedades psicométricas: validez de constructo (análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio), consistencia interna, efecto suelo/techo y validez convergente (relación del CPASS con el resto de los cuestionarios cumplimentados y con aspectos objetivos de la historia clínica). Resultados: En el análisis factorial exploratorio, la versión final de 18 ítems (sin los ítems 18 y 19) de la CPASS fue la que mejor se ajustó, con todos los ítems incluidos en el factor teórico supuesto y mostrando una carga factorial óptima. El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró que la versión final de 18 ítems incluidos en 4 factores es un modelo adecuado para la estructura de la escala. No se detectaron efectos suelo o techo en la versión final. Finalmente, los resultados confirman que la versión española presenta una buena consistencia interna (coeficiente alfa de Cronbach=0,88) y una validez convergente adecuada. (AU)

Introduction: Pain anxiety is a psychological component that can regulate and modulate the experience of pain in children and adolescents. It can also have an impact on the outcomes of surgical procedures, chronic pain management and psychological interventions. The aim of our study was to translate the Child Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (CPASS) into Spanish and assess the psychometric properties of the Spanish version. Patients and methods: First, the CPASS was translated according to international guidelines. Secondly, to assess the psychometric properties of the translated version, we conducted an analysis in a paediatric sample. A total of 160 children, 49.37% female, with a mean age of 14.5 years (SD, 2.3; range, 8–18 years) completed pain catastrophising, health-related quality of life, pain interference and pain intensity scales. We assessed the following psychometric properties: construct validity (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis), internal consistency, floor and ceiling effects and convergent validity (correlation of CPASS to the other completed questionnaires completed and with objective aspects of the health history). Results: In the exploratory factor analysis, the final 18-item version (having excluded items 18 and 19) of the CPASS was the best fit, with all items included in the hypothetical construct and exhibiting optimal factor loadings. The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the final 18-item, 4-factor model was adequate for the scale structure. We did not detect any floor or ceiling effects in the final version. Lastly, the results confirmed that the Spanish version has good internal consistency (Cronbach α, 0.88) and an adequate convergent validity. (AU)

Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of Spanish Child Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale.

INTRODUCTION: Pain anxiety is a psychological component that can regulate and modulate the experience of pain in children and adolescents. It can also have an impact on the outcomes of surgical procedures, chronic pain management and psychological interventions. The aim of our study was to translate the Child Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (CPASS) into Spanish and assess the psychometric properties of the Spanish version. PATIENTS AND METHODS: First, the CPASS was translated according to international guidelines. Secondly, to assess the psychometric properties of the translated version, we conducted an analysis in a paediatric sample. A total of 160 children, 49.37% female, with a mean age of 14.5 years (SD, 2.3; range, 8-18 years) completed pain catastrophising, health-related quality of life, pain interference and pain intensity scales. We assessed the following psychometric properties: construct validity (exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis), internal consistency, floor and ceiling effects and convergent validity (correlation of CPASS to the other completed questionnaires completed and with objective aspects of the health history). RESULTS: In the exploratory factor analysis, the final 18-item version (having excluded items 18 and 19) of the CPASS was the best fit, with all items included in the hypothetical construct and exhibiting optimal factor loadings. The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the final 18-item, 4-factor model was adequate for the scale structure. We did not detect any floor or ceiling effects in the final version. Lastly, the results confirmed that the Spanish version has good internal consistency (Cronbach  α, 0.88) and an adequate convergent validity. CONCLUSION: The Spanish CPASS exhibits good psychometric proprieties and it can be used to assess pain anxiety in the paediatric population.

Validity and reliability of Spanish PROMIS pediatric pain interference short form.

BACKGROUND: The goal of this study was to analyze psychometric properties of the Spanish PROMIS Pediatric Pain Interference short form (PROMIS-PPI) in a sample of Spanish children and adolescents. METHODS: In a hospital pediatric sample it was studied the structure scale (exploratory and confirmatory analysis), construct validity, convergent validity, and reliability (internal consistency). FINDINGS: 163 children and adolescents (mean age 13.3 years; SD 2.01; 39.26% female) with and without chronic pain completed measures pertaining to their pain experience. Psychometric analysis showed the PROMIS-PPI Spanish version maintains the original one-factor model of the scale, excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α coefficient 0.90 (95% CI 0.88-0.92)), and convergent validity (showed a positive, significant, and moderate magnitude correlation [r from 0.330 to 0.604] with pediatric quality of life, child and parent pain intensity, and showed a low correlation with the number of medical consultations in the last year). DISCUSSION: The Spanish PROMIS-PPI scale is a valid and reliable tool. It is recommended for research and clinical care in pediatric populations. APPLICATION TO PRACTICE: The results provide evidence that the Spanish version of PROMIS-PPI is valid and reliable tool. Health professionals who work with children in risk to develop persistent pain, will have access to short tool with highest evidence, for assess pain interference.

Herramientas de evaluación de calidad de vida y tolerancia al ejercicio en niños y adolescentes con fibrosis quística: revisión sistemática / Quality of life and exercise tolerance tools in children/adolescents with cystic fibrosis: Systematic review

Introducción:La presente revisión sistemática analiza la validez y la fiabilidad de las herramientas para valorar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) y la tolerancia al ejercicio en niños y adolescentes con fibrosis quística (FQ).Materiales y métodos:Se ha realizado una revisión de estudios observacionales que estudien la validez y la fiabilidad de las herramientas, analizando su calidad según la guía COnsesus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurements INstruments (COSMIN).Resultados:Se seleccionaron un total de 18 estudios. De los ocho instrumentos sobre CVRS, cinco genéricos y tres específicos, analizados en 14 estudios, el Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised (CFQ-R) presenta las mejores propiedades. De las cuatro herramientas analizadas para evaluar la tolerancia al ejercicio, la cicloergometría y el test lanzadera modificado son las más válidas y fiables.Conclusiones:El CFQ-R, la cicloergometría y el test lanzadera modificado presentan las mejores propiedades para la evaluación de niños con FQ, pero son necesarios más estudios. (AU)

Introduction:This systematic review aims to analyze the validity and reliability of available tools to assess health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and exercise tolerance in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF).Materials and methods:A review of observational studies studying the validity and reliability of the tools was conducted. The COSMIN (COnsesus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurements INstruments) guide was followed to analyze the quality of these tools.Results:A total of 18 studies were selected. Of the eight HRQoL tools, five generic and three specific, analyzed in 14 studies, the Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised (CFQ-R) presents the best properties. Of the four tools analyzed to assess exercise tolerance, cycle ergometry and the modified shuttle test are the most valid and reliable.Conclusions:The CFQ-R, cycloergometry and the modified shuttle test have the best properties for the assessment of children with CF, but more studies are needed. (AU)

[Quality of life and exercise tolerance tools in children/adolescents with cystic fibrosis: Systematic review]. / Herramientas de evaluación de calidad de vida y tolerancia al ejercicio en niños y adolescentes con fibrosis quística: revisión sistemática.

INTRODUCTION: This systematic review aims to analyze the validity and reliability of available tools to assess health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and exercise tolerance in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A review of observational studies studying the validity and reliability of the tools was conducted. The COSMIN (COnsesus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurements INstruments) guide was followed to analyze the quality of these tools. RESULTS: A total of 18 studies were selected. Of the eight HRQoL tools, five generic and three specific, analyzed in 14 studies, the Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised (CFQ-R) presents the best properties. Of the four tools analyzed to assess exercise tolerance, cycle ergometry and the modified shuttle test are the most valid and reliable. CONCLUSIONS: The CFQ-R, cycloergometry and the modified shuttle test have the best properties for the assessment of children with CF, but more studies are needed.

El Efecto Placebo en el Tratamiento del Dolor Musculoesquelético Cervical: un Ensayo Clínico Aleatorizado / The placebo effect in the treatment of musculoskeletal neck pain: A randomized clinical trial

Se ha estudiado el efecto placebo en el dolor musculoesquelético cervical ampliamente. Se deriva del contexto de la intervención y es común a todas ellas. Las últimas investigaciones apuntan a que Kinesio Taping podría ser una forma de efecto placebo. A través del presente estudio se prende analizar si el Kinesio Taping es una forma de efecto placebo en sujetos con dolor musculoesquelético cervical. Se comparó el efecto del Kinesio Taping con el de un placebo. Tras analizar 30 sujetos, los resultados muestran que el efecto clínico del Kinesio Taping es similar al de un placebo. Las expectativas, el condicionamiento o la sugestión pueden estar muy relacionadas con el efecto clínico en los pacientes

Placebo effect has been widely studied in musculoskeletal neck pain treatment. This effect derives from the therapeutic context and is common to all of them. Latest research suggests Kinesio Taping could be a kind of placebo effect. This clinical trial analizes if Kinesio Taping could be a kind of placebo effect in subjects with musculoskeletal neck pain. Kinesio Taping was compared with a placebo. After analyzing 30 subjects, the results show that Kinesio Taping clinical effects are similar to placebo. Expectations, conditioning, or suggestion could be very closely related to clinical effect in patients